Economic impact of an outbreak of botulism in a cattle feedlot / Impacto econômico de um surto de botulismo em confinamento de bovinos

Botulism is a febrile disease, fatal in most cases, which affects the muscles of locomotion, chewing, and swallowing, as well as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing flaccid paralysis and respiratory arrest. In bovines, the etiology is due to the ingestion of neurotoxins types C and D formed by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in an animal or vegetal substance, during decomposition. Vaccination is one of the most effective prophylactic means to prevent this disease. In this study, an outbreak of botulism was evaluated in a feedlot with 6,300 finishing cattle, wherein 25 died as a consequence of contracting this disease. The economic losses resulting from the deaths were analyzed, and economic analysis was conducted, involving the estimated cost of vaccination for the whole herd under risk, with the objective of evaluating whether this prophylactic practice is a viable action plan. The financial loss due to the deaths resulting from botulism in the case studied was found to be R$55,560.00, equivalent to 0.39% of the total monetary value of the herd. The cost of immunizing the entire herd under risk was 14.06% (for toxins exclusive to toxins C and D) and 22.22% (for polyvalent vaccines against clostridiosis) of the financial loss incurred as a consequence of the recorded deaths. It was concluded that botulism is a disease that can cause a significant economic impact on intensive livestock production systems, and that vaccination is an economically viable prophylactic action if performed with adequate sanitary planning.(AU)

O botulismo é uma doença afebril, fatal na maioria dos casos, que afeta os músculos da locomoção, mastigação, deglutição e também o diafragma e os músculos intercostais, causando paralisia flácida e parada respiratória. Nos bovinos a etiologia é devido à ingestão de neurotoxinas tipos C e D previamente formadas pela bactéria Clostridium botulinum em matéria animal ou vegetal em decomposição. A vacinação é um dos meios profiláticos mais eficazes para prevenir esta doença. Neste trabalho, estudou-se um surto de botulismo em um confinamento com 6300 bovinos em terminação, no qual 25 morreram devido a esta doença. Foram analisadas as perdas econômicas em consequência das mortes, e por meio do percentual do prejuízo contabilizado, foi realizada uma análise econômica referente ao custo estimado da vacinação para todo do rebanho sob-risco com o objetivo de avaliar se esta prática profilática é um plano de ação viável. Como resultado, o prejuízo financeiro devido às mortes resultantes do botulismo no caso estudado foi de R$ 55.560,00 o equivalente a 0,39% do valor monetário total do rebanho. O custo da vacinação para imunizar todo o rebanho sob-risco foi equivalente a 14,06% (para vacinas exclusivas para toxinas C e D) e 22,22% (para vacinas polivalentes contra clostridioses) relativo ao prejuízo financeiro em consequência dos óbitos registrados. Concluiu-se que o botulismo é uma doença que pode provocar impacto econômico significativo em sistemas de corte intensivos em bovinos, e que, a vacinação é um meio profilático economicamente viável se for realizada por meio de um planejamento sanitário adequado.(AU)

Does Diatomaceous Earth Control Leaf-Cutter Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Eucalyptus Plantations?

Genus Atta includes some of the most important Formicidae leaf cutter ants which cause extensive damage to the eucalyptus plantations. Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, one of the chief pests in Brazilian reforestation, can restrict and reduce forest productivity by its intense and constant leaf-cutting activities on plants at all stages. Therefore, the demand for new products to control A. sexdens rubropilosa indicates the study of the utilization of the dry powder formulation of diatomaceous earth (DE) against this pest in the eucalyptus cultivars. The study was conducted using 120 colonies of A. sexdens rubropilosa in Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla Blake (Myrtaceae) (urograndis) stand. The randomized block experimental design was used with six treatments (1, 10, 25, and 50 g/m2 of DE, 6.0 g/m2 sulfluramid bait per square meter of loose soil, and the control) with five replications, each with four colonies of this ant. Diatomaceous earth was applied to the active A. sexdens rubropilosa ant holes, and the sulfluramid bait was applied in bulk in a localized manner. The control efficacy of A. sexdens rubropilosa with DE was low, showing values similar to that of the control, and, for this reason, it cannot be used to control this ant. The bait with sulfluramid showed higher efficacy than those of the other treatments.